英语翻译基础真题及答案「2019英语一真题解析」

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1997-(71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something he world does not have.

事实上，这种问法不恰当，因为这种问法假设人们对人权有共同的认识，这种共同知识是世界上并没有的。

1997-(72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

一些哲学家论证说，权利只存在在社会契约中，是责任与权益相交换的一部分。

1997-(73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。

1997-(74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

这种极端主义者认为，人与动物在每一个相关方面都不相同。他们认为，动物没有道德选择的问题。

1997-(75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

当这种情况发生，这并没有错：这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。

1998-(71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

1998-(72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

大爆炸理论是20世纪20年代首次提出的。巨大宇宙云的存在，实际上是这个理论保持其对宇宙解释的主导地位所必不可少的。

1998-(73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

天体物理学家使用南极路基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久就会报告他们的观测结果。

1998-(74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.

假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸理论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。

1998-(75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。

1999-(71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图再现和解释过去的重大历史事件。

1999-(72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

人们之所以对历史研究方法产生兴趣，与其说是因为外部对历史作为一本知识学科有效性的质疑，还不如说是因为历史学家自己内部的争论。

1999-(73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

1999-(74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们没有一致意见。

1999-(75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

这种谬论同样存在于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家中。传统历史学家认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，而社会科学历史学家认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

2000-(71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。

2000- (72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.

而且显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。

2000- (73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.

由于大众通讯的显著发展，各地的人们正不断感到有新的需求，并且正接受新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因，政府不得不采取更进一步的革新措施。

大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗的思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新措施。

2000-For example, (74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.

在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻地社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。

2000- (75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

由于人口猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易）所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

2001年

2001-(71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.

届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。

2001- (72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.

儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时，数字化时代就来到了。

2001- (73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

2001- (74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”

但是，皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始，“它将会是人机一体化漫长过程的开端（第一步），最终将会在下个世纪末前导致出现完全电子化的人。”

2001- (75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage. 家用电器将会变得如此智能，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。

2002年

2002-(61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 艰难之一在于几乎所有所谓的行为科学都继续从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

2002- (62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

2002- (63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the inpidual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 自然选择在进化过程中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始得以认识和研究。

在进化过程中，自然选择的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而在塑造和保持个体行为过程中，环境的选择作用则刚刚开始得以认识和研究。

2002- (64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 自由和尊严是传统理论中自主人所拥有的，它们是实践活动中必不可少的，在实践中，一个人应该对自己的行为负责，并且对因其成就而获得信任。

2002- (65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之受到排斥。

2003年

2003-(61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

而且，人们有能力改变自己居住的环境，从而使所有其他的生命形式服从于人类自己独特的想法和想象。

2003- (62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

社会科学是一个知识探索的分支：它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用同样理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。

2003- (63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特 非常重要的社会科学。

2003- (64) Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

泰勒把文化定义为：“……一个复杂的整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗和其他的能力和习惯。”

2003- (65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 因此，像数学中“集”的概念一样，人类学中“文化”的概念是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。

因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。

2004年

2004- (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how perse languages could be.

希腊人认为，语言的结构与思维的过程之间有某种联系。早在人们认识到语言的多样性之前，这一观点就在欧洲扎下了根。

希腊人认为，语言的结构与思维的过程之间有某种联系。这一观点早在人们认识到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎下了根。

希腊人认为，语言的结构与思维的过程之间有某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

2004- (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此以后，这些语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡，或是被同化，从而丧失了自己的本族语言。

2004- (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.

那些新近描述的语言与得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责博阿斯和萨皮尔编造了材料。

2004- (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：这一个社会中，语言的结构决定思维习惯的结构。

2004- (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.

沃尔夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言中的语法结构能够对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

2005年

2005-(46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed — and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.

电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在联系不同的民族和国家方面，电视或许以前从来没有像在最近的欧洲事务中起到这么大的作用。

2005- (47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.

在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功：这些集团把相互联系的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和其他出版社联系起来。

2005- (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. 这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。

2005- (49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.

不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织在一起，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。

2005- (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, pided we fall”. 在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说：如果团结，我们就成功；如果分裂，我们就失败。

2006年

2006-(46) I shall define him as an inpidual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. 我会把知识分子定位为这样的人，他把以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题作为人生中的首要任务和乐趣。

2006- (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能清楚明白的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。

2006- (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

我之所以将普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管它的成果可能有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。

2006- (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

但是他（普通科学家）的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范，正如我们并不指望商人专注于探索商业行为准则一样。

2006- (50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. 他们（知识分子）可能很擅长于教书，而且不仅仅是为了挣钱。但是他们大多数人对涉及道德判断的人类问题很少或者根本没有进行独立思考。

2007年

2007-(46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

传统上，这些学校把法律学习看做是律师们所专有的，而不是一个受过教育的人知识储备的必要组成部分。

2007- (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.

另一方面，法律以一种方式把这些观点和日常实际联系起来，这种联系类似于记者在做新闻报道和新闻评论时根据日常规则所形成的联系方式。

另一方面，法律以一种方式把这些观点和日常实际联系起来，这种联系与记者在做新闻报道和新闻评论时，根据日常规则所形成的联系方式一样。

2007- (48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

记者必须比普通市民更加深刻地了解法律，这种观点取决于对新闻媒体的既定习俗和特殊责任的了解。

2007- (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

事实上，很难明白那些还没有清晰地领会加拿大宪法基本特征的记者，如何能够胜任政治新闻的报道工作。

2007- (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. 虽然律师所提供的评论和反馈可能会提高新闻报道的质量，但是记者要依靠自己的价值观做出判断则更加难能可贵。

2008年

2008-(46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.

他相信，正是这种困难或许能够扬长避短，迫使他长时间专注地思考每一句话，从而，使他发现自己在推理和观察中的错误。

他认为，或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，使他不得不对自己要说的每一句话都进行长时间的认真思考，从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为了他的优点。

2008- (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.

他还坚持认为，自己进行长时间完全抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此（所以）他认定自己不会在数学方面获得成功（根本不可能有大的作为）。

2008- (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.

另一方面，一些批评家指责他虽然善于观察，却不具备推理能力，而他认为这种说法缺乏依据。

2008- (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”

他谦卑地补充道，或许，在注意到容易忽视的事物并对其加以仔细观察方面，他要比普通人更有优势。

他谦卑地补充道，或许与常人相比，他更能注意到容易忽略的事物，更能对其加以仔细观察。

2008- (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 达尔文确信，失去这些爱好，不仅失去了快乐，还可能会伤害智力，甚至可能会损伤道德品质。

达尔文确信，没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣，而且可能有损于一个人的思维能力，甚至可能导致一个人道德品质的下降。

2009年

2009-(46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

我们可以说，衡量任何社会机构价值的标准，是看它在丰富和完善人生经验过程中的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来就想要达到的。

我们可以说，衡量任何社会机构价值的标准，在于它在丰富和完善经验过程中的影响，但是这种影响并不是其初始动机的一部分。

2009- (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. 机构附带产生的影响只有逐渐地才能被注意到；而这种影响被视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更加缓慢。

人们只有逐渐地才能注意到机构附带产生的影响；而人们把这种影响视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更加缓慢。

2009- (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.

虽然在与年轻人交往的时候，我们很容易忽视我们的行为对他们性格产生的影响；但是在与成年人打交道的时候，这种情况则不那么容易发生。

2009- (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.

既然我们的主要任务是使他们在日常生活中懂得分享，我们禁不住要考虑的是，我们是否正在形成一种确保他们获得这种能力的力量。

2009- (50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.

因此，在目前为止我们一直在讨论的更为广泛的教育过程中，可以使我们区别出一种更为正规的教育——直接讲授或学校教育。

2010年

2010-(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.

科学家们迅速赶来挽救这种局面，他们使用的证据明显站不住脚，大意是说：如果鸟不能控制这些昆虫，昆虫就会把一切都吃光。

科学家们急忙介入，但是提出的证据显然站不住脚，其大意是：如果鸟不能控制这些昆虫的数量，昆虫就会吞噬我们人类。

2010- (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. 但是，我们至少是更接近了问题的要点：不管鸟类是否对我们具有经济价值，它们都应该继续享有其作为一个生物物种固有的权利。

但是，我们至少近乎承认，无论鸟类能否给我们带来经济价值，它们自有其生存下去的权利。

2010- (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.

有一种证据认为，这些生物通过猎杀弱者来保持猎物的健康状态，或者说，这些生物捕杀的只不过是“没有价值的物种”；曾几何时，生物学家有点滥用这种证据。

有证据表明，这些生物杀死体弱者来保持物种的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值的物种”；曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少地滥用了这一证据。

2010-(49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.

在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种（非经济类林木，公益林）被合理地认为（看成）是当地森林群落的一部分，并得到相应的保护。

2010- (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.

这种保护体系往往会忽视，并因此最终会消除陆生群落中的很多缺乏商业价值但是对其健康机制至关重要的物种。

这种保护体系往往会忽视诸多陆生群落中的很多缺乏商业价值但是对其健康机制至关重要的物种，因而最终导致它们的灭绝。

2011年

2011-(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.

艾伦的贡献在于，他研究了我们公认的假设，并揭示了其错误的本质。这个假设就是：因为我们都不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想。

大纲译文：艾伦的贡献在于，他拿出“我们并非机器人，因此能掌控自己的思想”这一公认的假设，并揭示了其谬误所在。

2011- (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”

虽然我们或许仅仅通过有意识的思维活动就可以维持这种能控制自己思想的幻觉，但事实上我们却不断碰到一个问题：“为什么我不能让自己去做这件事情，实现那个目标呢？”

虽然我们或许仅仅通过有意识的思维活动就可以维持这种控制的幻觉，但事实上我们却还是不断要面对一个问题：“为什么我不能让自己去做这个或实现那个？”

大纲译文：尽管我们或许可以仅凭意识来维系“控制”这种错觉，现实中我们还是不断要面对一个问题：“我为什么不能让自己做这个或实现那个？”

2011- (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

大纲译文：这似乎是在为忽视贫困者的行为作辩护，为剥削、为社会上层人群的优越及社会底层人群的卑微找理由。

这种说法似乎为忽视那些需要帮助的人找到了借口，使剥削合理化，令上层人优越，底层人卑微。

2011- (49) circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us, and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.

环境似乎旨在激发我们最大的潜能，如果我们总感觉“上天不公”，那么就不太可能会自觉地努力摆脱现状。

大纲译文：环境似乎为激发我们最大的潜能而设，如果我们觉得自己遭受了“不公”，那么就不太可能会有意识地努力摆脱自己的处境。

2011- (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.

积极的一面是，既然万事都取决于我们，那么就有无限的可能。以前，我们能够熟练地应对种种局限；现在，我们把握着所有的可能性。

大纲译文：其正面意义在于，了解了一切都取决于我们自己，即有了诸多可能；此前我们时熟谙各种局限的专家，现在我们成了驾驭各种可能性的权威。

2012年

2012-(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.

在物理学上，有一种方法将这种追求一致的冲动发挥到了极致，它试图找出一种万有理论——用一个生成等式概括我们的整个世界。

大纲译文：在物理学领域，一种做法把这种寻求大同理论的冲动推向极端，试图寻找包含一切的理论——一个涵括我们所看到的一切的生成性公式。

2012-(47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural persity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.

在此，达尔文主义似乎给出了一种合理的说法，因为如果全人类的起源相同，那么似乎有理由认为文化多样性也可以追溯到更有限的开端。

在此，达尔文主义似乎给出了一种合理的说法，因为如果全人类的起源相同，那么人们也可以根据一个更有限的开端来寻找文化多样性的根源，这似乎也是合理的。

这里，达尔文学说似乎做出了证明，因为如果人类有着共同的起源，那么似乎就有理由认为文化的多样性也可以追溯到更为有限的起源。

2012-(48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

如果将个别因素从共性中剔除，我们或许能够理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，以及是何种因素在进化或是认知方面引导了这种行为。

大纲译文：从共有特征中滤出独有特征，这使我们得以理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，并从进化或认知角度理解什么引导了它的走向。

2012-(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

做出又一贡献的是乔舒亚·格林伯格，他运用了更为鲜明的经验主义方法来研究这种普遍性，鉴别出多种语言的共同特征（特别是在词序上的特征），而人们认为这些特征代表了由认知制约所产生的偏见。

第二次努力——由乔舒亚·格林堡做出——采用更为经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性，确定了多种语言（尤其在语法词序方面）的共有特征，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制产生的倾向。

2012-(50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.

乔姆斯基的语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于语言谱系或所有依赖于该谱系所生成的路径，然而格林伯格的普遍性理论则预言了，在特定词序位置关系之间有着紧密的依附关系。

乔姆斯基的语法应该显示出语言变化的模式，这些模式并不受语言谱系或贯穿谱系路径的影响；而格林堡式的普遍性则预言了特定的语法词序关系类型之间所存在的紧密互依性。

2013年

2013-(46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their persity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.

然而，当我们看到这样的照片时，看到那些无家可归者所创建的花园的照片之时，感到了深深的震撼：尽管它们风格多样，但这些花园道出了人类还有很多其他的根本需求，而非停留在装饰美化或是创造性表达上。

大纲译文：然而，只要看看无家可归者创造的花园的照片时，你就会意识到尽管样式各异，但这些花园除了表达（人类）装饰和创造的欲望之外，更体现了人类其他根本的强烈愿望。

2013- (47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.

不管它有多么粗陋，一个和平的圣地明显是人类的需求，与动物需要的收容所（庇护所）截然不同。

人类所需要的明显是一个和平的圣地，不管它有多么粗陋，与动物需要的收容所截然不同。

大纲译文：安宁的圣地（体现的）是人类特有的需要，无论怎样疏于雕琢，它仍与遮风挡雨之所不同，后者（反映的）是动物特有的需要。

2013-(48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.

无家可归的花园实际上是无人问津的花园，它们是被引入城市环境中的一种建筑类型。在城市环境下，这种建筑风格要么本来就不存在，要么人们注意不到它的存在。

大纲译文：这种无家可归者的花园实质上是无定所的花园，它们把“形式”引入城市环境，而城市环境中原本要么没有这种“形式”，要么并没把它当成“形式”看待。

2013- (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.

多数人会陷入精神萎靡的状态，我们通常把这种萎靡归咎于心理状态，直到有一天，我们发现自己身处花园，竟奇迹般地感到压力全无。

大纲译文：我们大多数人通常把陷入精神颓废归咎于某些心理疾病，直到有一天置身花园，才顿觉压抑感神奇地消失了。

2013- (50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.

正是这种与大自然之间或明或暗的关联使花园这个词——虽然值得是“广义上的花园”——恰如其分地形容了这些人造建筑。

虽然有“扩大词义外延”的意味，但正是这种对大自然或隐晦或明晰的参照让用“花园”一词来描述这些人造组合有了充分的根据。

2014年

2014-(46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.

这也是为什么我们在试图用语言来描述音乐时，只能说清楚对音乐的感受，而不能理解音乐本身。

2014- (47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.

人们普遍认为他是个思想自由的人，是个勇敢无畏的人。我发现勇敢这一特征是理解他作品的关键，更不必说是演奏其作品的关键。

2014- (48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.

贝多芬习惯用极其强烈的情绪来提高乐曲的音量，然后又突然跟上一个轻柔的乐段，在他之前，只有极个别的作曲家会使用这种表现方式。

2014- (49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the inpidual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.

尤为重要的是他对自由的观点，对他来说（而言），自由是与个人的权利和责任紧密联系：他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。

2014- (50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.

我们可以这样来解读贝多芬的大多数作品：痛苦是难以避免的，但是与之相抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。

2015年

2015-(46) This movement, driven by powerful and perse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. (28)

这项运动，由多种强大的动机驱动，建立了一个摆脱荒凉的国家，并且从本质上来讲，塑造了一块不为人熟悉的大陆的性格和命运。

新东方译文：在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

大纲译文：在各种强大动机的推动下，这场迁移从荒野中造就了一个民族，并循其本质塑造了一片全新大陆的特点，决定了它的命运。

2015-(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. (34)

美国是两股主要力量的产物——带有不同思想、风俗习惯和国家特征的欧洲民族的移民，和修改这些特征的新兴国家的影响。

新东方译文：47)美国是两种主要力量的产物——即思想习俗、民族特色各异的欧洲移民和修改这些特征的新国家的影响的产物。

大纲译文：合众国是两股主要力量作用的产物，一是具有不同思想、风俗和民族特点的欧洲各民族的迁入，二是一个新国家因改变了这些特征而产生的影响。

2015-(48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the carried national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. (35)

但是，美国独特的地理条件具备的力量，国家性集团之间的相互影响关系，和在一块原始、新型大陆上维持旧世界的方法具有的独特的困难，这些都引起了重大的变化。

新东方译文：48)但由于美国特有的地理条件,不同民族的相互作用,以及维护原始老式方式的纯粹困难,新大陆引起了重大变化。

大纲译文：但美洲特有地理条件的作用，不用族群间的相互影响，加上在一片蛮荒新大陆上维持旧大陆上维持旧大陆方式的巨大困难，所有这一切引起了意义深远的变化。

2015-(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United Sates crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. (30)

在15和16世纪北美探索的一百多年后，开往该领土的——即当今的美国——第一船移民，跨越了大西洋。

新东方译文：49)在15—16世纪北美探索的一百多年之后，运往该领土—即当今的美国—的第一船移民横渡了大西洋。

大纲译文：在十五、十六世纪的北美大陆探险过去的一百多年后，首批满载移民驶向今天合众国这片疆土的船只横穿过了大西洋。

2015-(50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. (24)

拥有丰富和多样树种的原始森林是一个真正的宝库，它从缅因州一路延伸到乔治亚州。

新东方译文：50)拥有丰富多样树种的原始森林是一个真正的宝库，它从缅因州一直延伸到乔治亚州。

大纲译文：郁郁葱葱、树种繁多的原始森林是一座从缅因一直向南绵延到佐治亚的天然宝库。

2016年

2016-(46)We don’t have to learn how to be healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.(32)

大纲译文：我们的心理健康不是学来的；它是我们生来就有的，正如同我们的身体知道如何治愈伤口或修复断骨一样。

2016-(47) Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.(31)

心理健康并没有真的离开；宛如云朵后面的太阳，它虽然可能暂离我们的视线，但完全能在转瞬之间重现。

2016-(48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.(30)

健康的心理让我们在他人遇到困难时心怀同情，遭受苦痛时心怀善意，不论他们是谁（我们）都会心怀无条件的爱。

2016- (49) Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.(31)

尽管心理健康是我们生活的万能良药，但它又再寻常不过，因为你会发现，它一直在那里引领你完成所有艰难的抉择。

2016- (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.(30)

你终会明白，懂得心理健康无时不在并懂得信赖它，这能让我们慢下来活在每一刻，快乐地生活着。

2017年

(46) But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.

但是，正当使用英语的人数进一步增加时，却也出现了这样一些迹象：英语这种语言的全球主导地位在可预见的将来可能会逐渐减弱。

(47) His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional languages capabilities.

因此，他的分析应该结束了一些人的自以为是，这些人可能认为英语的全球地位相当稳固，因此英国的年轻人无需拥有额外的语言能力。

(48) many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.

（48）许多国家正在将英语引入小学课程当中，但是英国的大中小学生似乎并未受到更大鼓励去学习流利运用其他语言。

(49) The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to the UK’s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.

（49）大卫·格拉多尔指出的这些变化给教授外国人英语的英国机构以及更广阔的教育市场带来了明确的巨大挑战。

(50) It gives a basis to all organisations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.

（50）这种预期给所有致力于推广英语学习和使用的机构提供了一个制定规划的依据，这一依据让我们能够应对未来完全不同的操作环境里出现的各种可能性。