存在主义与美国文学的关系「存在主义小说」

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Existentialism and American Literature

存在主义是一种欧洲哲学运动，不同时代有不同的流派或态度。存在主义的创始人和先驱是丹麦出生的克尔凯郭尔（1813-1855）。他不满意当时流行的黑格尔哲学，认为它枯燥抽象，他主张应该为个人情感找到一些地方。他创造了“存在主义”（existential）这个词“描述他呼吁通过行动而不仅仅是思想来表达信仰。克尔凯郭尔的影响在他的一生中是有限的。但由于后来的哲学家，如雅斯贝尔斯、海德格尔和萨特对克尔凯戈尔思想的进一步确认和发展，他的存在主义哲学在他去世后的50年里成为最具影响力的哲学之一，同时也成为20世纪的意识形态趋势。

雅斯贝尔斯的哲学被称为先验存在主义。他认为，一个人通过在具体的历史情况下，在他的社区中，以及在与其他人的交流中，对自己的行为承担个人责任，从而实现了真正的存在。他认为，人生的意义在于敢于奋斗和超越。这就是为什么他的哲学被称为先验的，并且作为一种指向现代主义的进步理论具有一定的意义。

海德格尔的存在主义更具形而上学色彩。基于克尔凯郭尔对传统哲学的彻底批判和破坏性分析以及胡塞尔的现象学，他提出了“存在与时间”（being与time）概念，对现代生活进行了本体论解释。然而，20世纪最有影响力的存在主义哲学家是萨特。

萨特等存在主义者认为，没有公认的基础来解释人类存在的奥秘，个人必须从社会中获得自由，存在主义认为孤独是选择自由的正确条件。然而，这也给个人带来了痛苦，因为他认识到，试图处理无意义宇宙和荒诞世界的悖论，并在完全自由的氛围中实现自我控制，是徒劳的。在索尔·贝娄、保罗·鲍尔斯、拉尔夫·埃里森、威廉·斯泰龙和理查德·赖特的小说中，可以发现这种观点以及在当下考虑个人时的形而上学孤立感。他们经常用独白来表现主人公对人类境况日益增强的意识，因为在存在主义小说中，思想而非行动占据主导地位，他们的小说处理的是非人格化、与社会的异化和对神性的信仰以及个人身份的寻找。

Existentialism is an European philosophic movement with various schools or attitudes of different eras.The founder and pioneer of existentialism was Danish-born Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855). Dissatisfied with the then popular philosophy of Hegel which he thought dull and abstract, he claimed that some places should be found for inpidual emotion. He coined the term ＂existential" to describe his call for beliefs to be expressed through actions, not just thoughts. Kierkegaard's influences were limited during his lifetime. But thanks to the further assertion and development of kierkegaard's ideas by the later philosophers, such as Jaspers, Hidegger and Sartre, his philosophy of existentialism became in the 50 years after his death one of the most infuential philosophical and ideologoical trends in the 20th century.

Jaspers’ philosophy has been termed transcendental existentialism. He assumed that a person achieved an authentic existence by taking inpidual responsibility for his own actions in a concrete historical situation, in his community and in communicating with other men. He held that the meaning of human life consists in daring to strive and transcend. That is why his philosophy is called transcendental and is of some significance as a progressive theory pointing forward to modernism.

Heidegger's Existentialism was of more metaphysical colour.Based on Kierkegaard's thoroughly critical destructive analysis of traditional philosophies and Husserl's Phenomenology, he advanced the concept “sein und zeit” ( being and time) to give an ontological explanation of modern life.

Nevertheless, the most influential existentialist philosopher in the 20th century was Sartre. Existentialists as Sartre hold that there are no accepted bases to explain the mysteries of human existence and that the inpidual must develop his being free of society, existentialism contends that solitariness makes the right condition for freedom of choice. However, it also brings anguish to the inpidual as he recognizes the futility of attempting to treat the paradoxes of a meaningless universe and an absurd world and to achieve self-mastery in an atmosphere of entire freedom. Such views and such a sense of metaphysical isolation in the consideration of the inpidual in the present moment are found in the fiction of Saul Bellow, Paul Bowles, Ralph Ellison, William Styron,and Richard Wright. Frequently using the monologue to show the protagonist's growing consciousness of the human condition,since thought rather than action is dominant in existential fiction, their novels deal with depersonalization, alienation from society and belief in pinity; and an inpidual search for identity.