英语语言学构词法ppt「2018高考英语一轮语法专题复习讲练第一讲 构词法」

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第一讲构词法

一、构词法的分类

1．派生法，即把词根加上前缀或后缀，得出一个新的单词。如：

rich adj.富有的→enrich v．丰富

home n．家→homeless adj.无家可归的

2．转换法，即同一单词具有多种词性，也即词性活用。如：

back n．背→back v．支持

slow adj.慢的→slow v．减慢

You can use the_water in the ditch to water the flowers.

你可用沟里的水浇花。

3．合成法，即由两个单词合成一个单词。如：

blackboard n．黑板

hand­made adj.手工制作的

二、派生词

在高考英语试卷的语法填空题中，有两到三个小题涉及派生词。因此，我们此讲的重点为派生词。

(一)名词后缀

1．动词＋­ion/­tion/­sion→名词(表示动作或动作过程)

correct v．改正；纠正correction n．改正

celebrate v．庆祝 celebration n．庆祝；庆祝会

conclude v．完成；结束 conclusion n．结论；结束

2．动词＋­er/­or→名词(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人)

drive v．驾驶开车；驱赶driver n．司机；驾驶员

gather v．聚集；采集 gatherer n．收集者；采集者

conduct v．指挥；管理 conductor n．指挥；售票员

3．动词＋­ment→名词

punish v．惩罚 punishment n．惩罚

4．动词/形容词＋­th→名词

warm adj. 温暖的 warmth n．温暖

grow v．生长 growth n．生长

5．形容词＋­y→名词

difficult adj.困难的 difficulty n．困难

honest adj.诚实的 honesty n．诚实

6．形容词＋­ness→名词

kind adj.善良的 kindness n．善良

7．动词＋­ance→名词

annoy vt.使烦恼 annoyance n．生气；烦恼

8．­ship结尾的名词(表示身份、关系、资格)

member n．成员；会员 membership n．会员资格

professor n．教授 professorship n．教授身份

9．­ing结尾的名词

garden n．花园 gardening n．园艺

greet v．打招呼；问候 greeting n．问候

10．­age结尾的名词

marry v．结婚 marriage n．婚姻

short adj. 短的 shortage n. 短缺

用所给单词的适当形式填空。

From the 1.(express) on Mary"s face，he knew he left bad 2.(impress) on her and if she won the 3.(elect) to become chairman of the Environment 4.(organize), he could not get her 5.________(permit) to join it although he was willing to do his bit to rid the world of 6.(pollute) and to help people enjoy a better Earth. When he was wondering how to change this embarrassing situation, he got 7.(inspire) from his wife"s words. Yes, he should try his best to win the election and become chairman himself with his 8.________(determine)to work for the organization.“My dear, you are really a wonderful 9.(help)! I"m sure I will be the 10.(win) of the election.” He said to his wife excitedly.

It was really a hard time when Li Ping first came to the United States. His 1.(earn) could hardly cover the expenses, so when his wife gave 2.(bear) to their second daughter, they could not afford enough nutritious food.Soon，poor nutrition caused the 3.(die) of the poor baby. 4.(lonely) was another problem because they had no 5.(relate) or friends there. Thanks to his 6.(brave) and 7.(persevere), he managed to gain the 8.(citizen) of the United States and in the end he had his permanent 9.________(settle). He always tells his children like this：Perseverance leads to 10.(happy) and success.

强化训练一

A．1.expression2.impression3.election4.Organization

5．permission6.pollution7.inspiration8.determination

9．helper10.winner

B．1.earnings2.birth3.death4.Loneliness

5．relations/relatives6.bravery7. perseverance

8．citizenship9. settlement10. happiness

(二)形容词、副词后缀

1．常见形容词后缀

(1)名词＋­al→形容词(表示有……属性，与……有关)。

agriculture n．农业agricultural adj.农业的

(2)动词＋­ive→形容词。

decide v．决定；下决心

decisive adj.决定性的；关键的

(3)动词＋­able→形容词(表示能够，适于，值得)。

change v．变化；兑换

changeable adj.易变的；变化无常的

(4)名词＋­ful→形容词。

care n．小心；关心 careful adj.小心的；仔细的

(5)名词＋­less→形容词(意思与原名词相反)。

care n．小心；关心 careless adj.粗心的

(6)名词＋­ly→形容词。

friend n．朋友 friendly adj.友好的

(7)名词＋­y→形容词。

dirt n．污物；脏物 dirty adj.脏的

(8)名词＋­ous→形容词。

danger n．危险 dangerous adj.危险的

2．副词后缀

形容词＋­ly→副词。

careful adj.仔细的 carefully adv.仔细地

3．复合形容词的构成

(1)形容词＋­ing分词。

easy­going随和的

(2)形容词＋名词＋­ed。

kind­hearted 善良的；好心的

(3)名词＋­ed分词。

water­covered被水覆盖的

(4)副词＋­ed分词。

well­written写得好的

(5)数词＋名词＋­ed。

three­legged三条腿的

Ⅰ.阅读下列句子，写出画线单词的汉语意思。

1．You can find the world"s largest car rental company in that country.()

2．The good working condition in this city is attractive．()

3．You can rely on him because he is reliable．()

4．Her words struck fear into her heart，so she was sleepless all night long, afraid of being killed unexpectedly some day.()

5．It was a frosty cold morning when he set off for the remote village.()

6．As we know，the Antarctic is an ice­covered continent.()

7．Everybody says Lily is an easy­going girl，so she has many friends.()

8．The old man"s sunburnt face suggested he had worked hard in the field in summer.()

Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文。

Lucy likes talking and everybody says she is 1.(communicate). She is 2.(act) in answering the teachers" questions and from time to time her classmates find her answers quite 3.(impress) and 4.(accept). Of course, not every student likes her, but she has many friends who think Lucy is a 5.________ (create) and 6.(help) girl. For example, she once led a 7.________ (home)child to her home and made the child her younger sister. Besides, she spent 8.(count) hours caring for a sick neighbor until she was well again. She is 9.(friend) to those who have difficulty with their subjects. All in all, Lucy is the most 10.(fame) girl in her school.

强化训练二

Ⅰ.1.租赁的2.吸引人的3.可依赖的；靠得住的4.没有睡觉的；不眠的5.有霜的6.冰雪覆盖的7.随和的8.被太阳晒黑的

Ⅱ.1.communicative2.active3.impressive

4．acceptable5.creative6.helpful7.homeless

8．countless9.friendly10.famous

(三)动词词缀

1．前缀­en＋形容词→动词

enrich v．丰富enlarge v．变大；增大；扩大

2．形容词＋­en→动词

enlighten v．说明；阐明shorten v．缩短

widen v．加宽

3．­fy结尾的动词

simplify v．简化classify v．归类

4．­ize结尾的动词

realize v. 认识到popularize v．普及

Ⅰ.阅读下列句子，写出画线部分的意思。

1．Extracurricular activities enable the students to know how to apply the knowledge learned in the textbooks.()

2．The two countries are trying their best to normalize_their_relationship．()

3．Some think that studying abroad can broaden_their_horizon．()

4．You will horrify the baby if you speak too loudly.()

Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空。

1．Try your best to(memory) these new words.

2．The question must be(simple) so that we can find out a solution to it.

3．It costs a lot of money if we plan to(pure) the waste water.

4．He(quick) his steps to arrive home earlier.

5．You can(large) your vocabulary if you keep on memorizing some new words every day.

强化训练三

Ⅰ.1.使能够2.使关系正常化3.拓宽视野4.使恐惧

Ⅱ.1.memorize2.simplified3.purify4.quickened

5．enlarge

(四)否定词缀

1．表示否定意义的前缀

un­不，非unable 不能够unlucky 不幸的

dis­不，非dishonest 不诚实的

discontinuous 不连贯的

in­不，非inactive 不活跃的incorrect 不正确的

im­不，非impatient 不耐烦的

impossible 不可能的

ir­不，非irregular 不规则的

irresponsible 不负责任的

il­不，非illogical 不合逻辑的illegal 非法的

non­不，非non­existent 不存在的

non­stop 直达的；连续不断的

mis­错误mislead 误导misunderstand 误解

dis­＋动词(意义相反)dislike 不喜欢

disagree 不同意

un­＋动词(意义相反)uncover 揭开

undress 脱衣服

2．表示否定意义的后缀

名词＋­less→否定意义的形容词

use n．用处useless adj. 无用的

hope n．希望 hopeless 没有希望的；绝望的

home n．家 homeless adj.无家可归的

用所给单词的适当形式填空。

The speech seemed to be 1.(stop) and the listeners became very 2.(patient)．When the speaker said that oil was 3.(renew) and that the best way to solve the problem was not to make cars and buses to force people to go to work or school on foot, the audience thought it was 4.(practice) and 5.(bear) to listen to him any longer. They 6.(believe) that the world would go smoothly without these modern transportations. They also thought that the speaker was 7.(responsible) to make such a statement without thinking it carefully and his speech would cause some 8.________(understand). So most of the listeners chose to leave, shouting loudly and angrily.

强化训练四

1．non­stop2.impatient3.non­renewable4.impractical

5．unbearable6.disbelieved7.irresponsible

8．misunderstandings

阅读下列短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。

(一)

Walt Disney was an American film producer，1.______(direct)，screenwriter，voice actor，animator，entrepreneur，entertainer，international icon and philanthropist (慈善家). Disney is famous for his influence in the field of 2.______(entertain) during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O．Disney，he co­founded the Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the well­known motion picture 3.______(produce) in the world.

Disney is particularly 4.________(note) for being a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created a number of the world"s most famous fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, a character for which Disney himself was the 5.______(origin) voice. He gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the United States, as well as the international resorts like Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland. The new series, Alice Comedies，was reasonably 6.______(success), and featured both Dawn O"Day and Margie Gay as Alice. By the time the series ended in 1927, the focus was more on a cat named Julius.

Disney"s cartoons became 7.______(wide) popular in the Kansas City area.Through their success, Disney was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh O­Gram，for which he hired a vast number of additional animators. Unfortunately, the studio profits were 8.______(sufficient) to cover the high salaries paid to 9.______(employ), for Walt was 10.______(able) to successfully manage money then. As a result, the studio became loaded with debt. Disney then decided to set up a studio in the movie industry"s capital city，Hollywood, California.

(二)

Newspaper is a publication devoted 1.______(chief) to presenting and commenting on the news. Newspapers provide an excellent means of keeping people well informed on current events. They also play an 2.______(extreme) important role in shaping public opinion.

Newspapers have certain advantages over other major news media－television, radio, the Internet, and news­magazines. For example, newspapers can cover more news in much greater detail than television and radio newscasts. News­magazines focus on chief 3.______(nation) and international events. But newspapers report local as well as national and international news and newspapers offer the public some 4.______(humor) stories and attractive stories about 5.__________(wealth) or famous people as well as 6.______(fool) little persons .

However，newspapers also have evident disadvantages. Due to the scientific 7.______(advance) and technical progress, the Internet and radio news travel more 8.______(swift) than newspapers. Besides，the 9.______(use)news is more 10.______(access) to the public through the radio and cell phones or portable computers.

A large daily newspaper provides a great variety of information. News stories cover the latest developments in such fields as government，politics，sports，science, business and arts. Other news stories report crimes, disasters, and special events, human interest and etc..

Producing a daily newspaper requires great speed and 11.(efficient)．Reporters, correspondents，editors，and photographers work under the constant pressure of deadlines. A large daily also employs many other 12.(employ)，including advertising salespeople，13.(art)，librarians, printing­press 14.(operate)，and truck 15.(drive)．

派生词综合训练

答案：

(一)

语篇解读：沃特·迪士尼是集导演、剧作家、制片人、企业家等于一身的传奇人物，在动画电影以及主题公园设计方面尤为突出。

1．解析：从film producer和后面的一系列的表示人的名词中可知，此处应填所给词的名词形式。

答案：director

2．解析：介词of后面要填名词，“娱乐”之意。

答案：entertainment

3．解析：从句意可知，沃特·迪士尼是世界上最出色的动画制片人之一。one of后面加名词要用复数形式。

答案：producers

4．解析：过去分词作形容词，表示“著名的”。

答案：noted

5．解析：名词前面要填形容词。

答案：original

6．解析：副词reasonably一般修饰形容词、动词或副词，根据前面的系动词可知要填形容词形式。

答案：successful

7．解析：句中的popular是形容词，一般用副词修饰，所以填副词形式。

答案：widely

8．解析：从本句的Unfortunately可知，他经营的studio的利润不足以支付员工的高薪水。

答案：insufficient

9．解析：介词to后面要接名词，从句意可知要填“雇员”。

答案：employees

10．解析：从句意可知沃特当时不善于管理钱财。

答案：unable

(二)

语篇解读：本文将报纸同别的媒体比较，说明报纸的优势和不足。

1．解析：修饰动词devoted作状语，用副词。

答案：chiefly

2．解析：修饰形容词作状语，用副词。

答案：extremely

3．解析：与international一起作定语，修饰event，故用其形容词形式。

答案：national

4．解析：在名词stories前作定语，用形容词。

答案：humorous

5．解析：作定语，修饰people，要用形容词。

答案：wealthy

6．解析：作定语，修饰persons，用形容词。

答案：foolish

7．解析：作介词to的宾语，要用名词。

答案：advancement

8．解析：修饰谓语动词travel，作状语，用副词。

答案：swiftly

9．解析：作定语修饰news，要用形容词。

答案：useful

10．解析：作表语，要用形容词。

答案：accessible

11．解析：与speed并列，一起作requires的宾语，故用其名词形式。

答案：efficiency

12．解析：作宾语，指雇员，故填名词。

答案：employees

13．解析：与salespeople和librarians并列，作介词including的宾语，故填表示“艺术家”的名词artists。

答案：artists

14．解析：应填名词形式。

答案：operators

15．解析：应填名词形式。

答案：drivers